Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, diplococci bacterium. It has been detected in at least 23 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 30-37%. Staphylococcus epidermidis is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Schleifer1975; Schleifer2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from skin, clinical sources (wounds, infections) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • A significant member of the seeding microbiota that colonises the gut of C-section newborns but also found in breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; urea;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 7.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 15℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; lactose; maltose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; glucose; glycerol; maltose; mannose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • galactose; lactose; melezitose; ribose; D-turanose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; catalase; urease;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • fibrinolysin; hyaluridonase; lipase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate; isovalerate; COâ‚‚;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed
  • Haemolysis:
  • present but weak
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Schleifer1975); (Goldstein2012); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • ampicillin; aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefazolin; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpirom; cephalothin;
  • cefepime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • enoxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifapentine;
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; fusidic-acid; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid; novobiocin;

  • Moore, WEC & LV Holdeman (1974). Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 961-979.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Staphylococcaceae Genus:  Staphylococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Diplococci Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  skin, clinical sources (wounds, infections) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  30-37
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Low T(℃):  15(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  7.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  + Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Hippurate:  vr
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  d(+) Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Ribose:  vr D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  vr Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  vr Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  vr NAc-α-GA:  d Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  w(+) Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  d Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Xylitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Coagulase:  neg Fibrinolysin:  d HS nuclease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  vr DNAse:  w Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase:  d Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Isovalerate:  + CO2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.78)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.016-64)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015–2)
    aztreonam:  R(8/32)
    oxacillin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-16)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.004-32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125–32)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015–2)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–8)
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.1, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.013-50)
    meropenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-16)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.25-16)
    cefamandole:  SensRNG: (0.1-0.8)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–4)
    cefdinir:  Var(MIC50): >0.03, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.03->16)
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    cefixime:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (≤0.008->4)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–8)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (8–32)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–16)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4–32)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.12->32)
    cephalothin:  S(0.2/0.8)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-4)
    netilmycin:  Var(MIC50): 4), MIC90: Var(4
    streptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 3.12, MIC90: 25, RNG: (0.78-50)
    tobramycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06->32)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (2)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): >0.25, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    clarithromycin:  S(0.2)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.25->8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >0.125, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.125->16)
    enoxacin:  S(0.5)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1->4)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 25, RNG: (0.2-25)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    norfloxacin:  S(0.78)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–32)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03–4)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–8)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-1)
    oxytetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 4), MIC90: Var(4
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >0.25, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.125->16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016–2)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤2->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (8->16)
    rifampicin:  Var(MIC50): >0.015, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.015->8)
    rifapentine:  S(0.012)
    chloramphenicol:  Var
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 256, MIC90: >1024, RNG: (128->1024)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    SXT:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–8)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >1, RNG: (≤0.5->1)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.016->256)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-4)
    novobiocin:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12->16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
  • Schleifer1975 - Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus.
  • Schleifer2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Staphylococcaceae, Genus I. Staphylococcus
  • Gao2020 - Functional Microbiomics Reveals Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Host Co-Metabolism in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • DeLaCochetiere2004 - Early intestinal bacterial colonization and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: the putative role of Clostridium
  • Graspeuntner2018 - Gut Dysbiosis With Bacilli Dominance and Accumulation of Fermentation Products Precedes Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants
  • Mai2011 - Fecal microbiota in premature infants prior to necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Goldstein2012 - Ceftaroline versus isolates from animal bite wounds: comparative in vitro activities against 243 isolates, including 156 Pasteurella species isolates.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Holdeman1976 - Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Moore1974 - Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021