Staphylococcus haemolyticus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, diplococci bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 34-36%. Staphylococcus haemolyticus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Schleifer1975; Schleifer2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human sources, clinical sources (infections, urine, blood, wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 15℃; grows at 18℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-40℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucose; glycerol; maltose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • fructose; galactose; lactose; mannitol; ribose; D-turanose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; catalase; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase; lipase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucosidase; β-glucuronidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed
  • Haemolysis:
  • present but weak
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
  • Pigments:
  • variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Schleifer1975); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; meropenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • ampicillin; aztreonam; oxacillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • cefoperazone; cefotaxime; ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • azithromycin; erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; garenoxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid; novobiocin;

  • Macfarlane, S., Furrie, E., Cummings, J. H., & Macfarlane, G. T. (2004). Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 38(12), 1690–1699.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Staphylococcaceae Genus:  Staphylococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Diplococci Pigment:  variable
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human sources, clinical sources (infections, urine, blood, wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  34-36
    Opt. T:  30-40℃
    Low T(℃):  15(neg)
    Lower T(℃):  18(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  d(+) Glucose:  vr Mannose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Ribose:  vr Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  vr Glycogen:  neg Mannitol:  + Xylitol:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  d Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Coagulase:  neg HS nuclease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  d β-Glucuronidase:  d α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  vr AcidP:  + DNAse:  neg Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Pigment:  variable
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (8->16)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1–16)
    aztreonam:  R(>32/>32)
    oxacillin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (16->32)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125–32)
    doripenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125–32)
    ertapenem:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 128, RNG: (≤0.007->128)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2–>32)
    cefoperazone:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (1->128)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (1->128)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (8–32)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–16)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4->128)
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): 6.25, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.05-200)
    streptomycin:  R(50)
    tobramycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.015->32)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.25->8)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.25->8)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.25->8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015-4)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.06->8)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03->8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06-64)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015->8)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–32)
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.25->2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-1)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016–2)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤2->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    rifampicin:  S(MIC50): >0.015, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.015->2)
    chloramphenicol:  R(MIC50): 12.5, MIC90: 100, RNG: (0.05->200)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    SXT:  Sens
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >1, RNG: (≤0.5->1)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): >0.12, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    novobiocin:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
  • Schleifer1975 - Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus.
  • Schleifer2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Staphylococcaceae, Genus I. Staphylococcus
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Graspeuntner2018 - Gut Dysbiosis With Bacilli Dominance and Accumulation of Fermentation Products Precedes Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021