Staphylococcus warneri

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Staphylococcus warneri is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 11 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 34-35%. Staphylococcus warneri is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Schleifer2011Bergey; Kloos1975; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from human skin, primates, human faeces and clinical sources (blood, sputum, wound, vagina - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: human and animal pathogen; opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Schleifer2011Bergey); (Kloos1975);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • urea;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 15(d); grows at 20℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-40℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; maltose; melezitose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • ribose; lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; glucose; glycerol; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • galactose; lactose; mannitol; melezitose; ribose; D-turanose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; β-glucosidase; β-glucuronidase; lipase; urease;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; DNase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Schleifer2011Bergey); (Kloos1975);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • strain dependent
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
  • Pigments:
  • variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Kloos1975); (Goldstein2012); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefazolin; cefixime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; cefprozil; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid; novobiocin;

  • Macfarlane, S., Furrie, E., Cummings, J. H., & Macfarlane, G. T. (2004). Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 38(12), 1690–1699.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Staphylococcaceae Genus:  Staphylococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  variable
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human skin, primates, human faeces and clinical sources (blood, sputum, wound, vagina - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  34-35
    Opt. T:  30-40℃
    Low T(℃):  15(d)
    Lower T(℃):  20(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  + Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  d(+) Glucose:  vr Mannose:  vr D-Lyxose:  neg Ribose:  d Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Mannitol:  + Xylitol:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  + NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  w Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  d Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Coagulase:  neg HS nuclease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  + α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  d OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  d AcidP:  + DNAse:  d Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Pigment:  variable
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 6.25, MIC90: 25, RNG: (0.05-200)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    oxacillin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.015–2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125–32)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–1)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (1-4)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–16)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (2-8)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (8–32)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–16)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-1)
    cefprozil:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-2)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): 6.25, MIC90: 50, RNG: (0.05-200)
    streptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 3.12, MIC90: 12.5, RNG: (0.78-12.5)
    tobramycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015->32)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–4)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.128, RNG: (0.125–.128)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.25->8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.06->8)
    garenoxacin:  SensRNG: (0.03-0.125)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03->8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.06->8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.015->8)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–32)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03–4)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–2)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03–1)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016–2)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤2->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    rifampicin:  Var
    chloramphenicol:  R(MIC50): 12.5, MIC90: 100, RNG: (0.05->200)
    nitrofurantoin:  S(vr)
    SXT:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): >0.12, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-2)
    novobiocin:  SensRNG: (0.025-1)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS WARNERI
  • Schleifer2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Staphylococcaceae, Genus I. Staphylococcus
  • Kloos1975 - Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin II. Descriptions of Four New Species: Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus simulans
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Goldstein2012 - Ceftaroline versus isolates from animal bite wounds: comparative in vitro activities against 243 isolates, including 156 Pasteurella species isolates.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS WARNERI
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS WARNERI
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021