Staphylococcus xylosus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Staphylococcus xylosus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 5 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 30-36%. Staphylococcus xylosus is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Schleifer1975; Schleifer2011Bergey; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from humans, animals, human faeces and clinical sources (blood). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: human and animal pathogen; opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Is a known human pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; urea;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 40℃; Grows optimally at 25-35℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; D-arabinose; fructose; galactose; mannose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; α-methyl glucoside; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • ribose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • arabinose; fructose; glucose; glycerol; maltose; mannose; sucrose; trehalose; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • galactose; gentiobiose; inositol; lactose; mannitol; rhamnose; ribose; salicin; sorbitol; D-turanose; xylitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; β-galactosidase; trypsin; urease;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucuronidase; lipase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Schleifer1975); (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate (minor);
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • variable
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Schleifer1975); (Goldstein2000); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid;
  • novobiocin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Staphylococcaceae Genus:  Staphylococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  variable
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  humans, animals, human faeces and clinical sources (blood)
    DNA G+C(%):  30-36
    Opt. T:  25-35℃
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  + Gelatin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + D-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  d(+) Glucose:  vr Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Ribose:  d Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Mannitol:  + Xylitol:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  d Ribose:  d Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  d Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  d Mannitol:  d Salicin:  d Sorbitol:  d Xylitol:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Coagulase:  neg HS nuclease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  d α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg OrnDC:  neg Trypsin:  + LeuAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  vr AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + DNAse:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  d Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  minor(+) Pigment:  variable
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5–8)
    oxacillin:  Var(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.06->2)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.015–2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5–32)
    ertapenem:  S(0.5/4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–8)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2–>128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–16)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.128, RNG: (0.125–.128)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.25->8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–16)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.25)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–32)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03–16)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03–1)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤2->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    SXT:  S(≤0.5/1)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): ≤1, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-2)
    novobiocin:  R(vr)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS XYLOSUS
  • Schleifer1975 - Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species: Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus.
  • Schleifer2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Staphylococcaceae, Genus I. Staphylococcus
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Wan2019 - Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple System Atrophy Patients
  • Pilon2017 - Purification and characterization of trypsin produced by gut bacteria from Anticarsia gemmatalis.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS XYLOSUS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS XYLOSUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021