Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

(aka Pseudomonas maltophilia)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, (aka Pseudomonas maltophilia), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 67%. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (VandenMooter1990; Palleroni1993; Palleroni2005aBergey; Hugh1961; Stanier1966)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (sputum, blood, urine, wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (VandenMooter1990); (Palleroni1993); (Palleroni2005aBergey); (Hugh1961); (Stanier1966);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; chitin; DNA; gelatin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 4℃; doesn't grow at 41℃; Grows optimally at 35℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • maltose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • glucose; mannose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • cellubiose; glucose; maltose; mannose; salicin; sucrose; trehalose; alanine; D-alanine; cysteine; glutamate; histidine; methionine; proline; acetate; citrate; fumarate; 2-ketoglutarate; DL-lactate; L-malate; propionate; pyruvate; succinate; valerate; glutamine; L-asparagine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • fructose; aconitate; malonate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; lecithinase; lipase; lycine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (VandenMooter1990); (Palleroni1993); (Palleroni2005aBergey); (Hugh1961); (Stanier1966);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • ammonia;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced by most strains
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Pigments:
  • produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (VandenMooter1990); (Palleroni2005aBergey); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; aztreonam; carbenicillin; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; methicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefalexin; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; colistin; novobiocin;

  • Apisarnthanarak, A., Fraser, V. J., Dunne, W. M., Little, J. R., Hoppe-Bauer, J., Mayfield, J. L., & Polish, L. B. (2003). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia intestinal colonization in hospitalized oncology patients with diarrhea. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 37(8), 1131–1135.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Xanthomonadales Family:  Xanthomonadaceae Genus:  Stenotrophomonas Alt. name:  Pseudomonas maltophilia Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  +
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (sputum, blood, urine, wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  67
    Opt. T:  35℃
    Low T(℃):  4(neg)
    High T(℃):  41(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Chitin:  + DNA:  + Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  d Mannose:  d Rhamnose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Maltose:  + Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Fructose:  d(neg) Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  w Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Ethanol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Propanol:  neg Salicin:  + Ala:  + D-Ala:  + Asp:  neg Cys:  + Glu:  + His:  + Met:  + Pro:  + Acetate:  + Aconitate:  d(neg) Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg Isobutyrate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + L-Malate:  + Malonate:  d(neg) Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  + Succinate:  + Valerate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  vr AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  + Lecithinase:  + Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Ammonia:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 256, RNG: (4->256)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    ampicillin:  RNG: (>128)
    amp-sulb:  Res
    aztreonam:  R(>136/>520)
    carbenicil:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >512, RNG: (32->512)
    methicillin:  R(10; disc)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (>16)
    piperacillin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 256, RNG: (16-256)
    piper-taz:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4->32)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): >256, MIC90: >256, RNG: (64->256)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (1->16)
    imipenem:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (8->64)
    meropenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    cefaclor:  R(32/>128)
    cefalexin:  R(-/>128)
    cefdinir:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2->32)
    cefixime:  R(>32/>32)
    cefoperazone:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (32->128)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (8->128)
    cefotetan:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (8->64)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)
    cefpodoxime:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤4->32)
    ceftizoxime:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (32->64)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)
    moxalactam:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: 128, RNG: (2-128)
    gentamicin:  R(>36/>132)
    kanamycin:  R(30; disc, variable)
    neomycin:  R(30; disc)
    netilmycin:  RNG: (0.5-64)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (2->256)
    erythromycin:  R(128)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (8-64)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (<0.08-4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (<0.008-2)
    garenoxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-8)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-4)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.008-4)
    nalidixic-acid:  R(8/32)
    norfloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4-32)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25-32)
    pefloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8
    sparfloxacin:  S(0.12/0.5)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.008-4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.12-8)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-1)
    tetracycline:  R(20/36)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-8)
    bacitracin:  R(10U)
    rifampicin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (1-128)
    chloramphenicol:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4-32)
    fosfomycin:  Res
    nitrofurantoin:  R(200; disc)
    trimethoprim:  Res
    SXT:  R(100)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-4)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4–>32)
    novobiocin:  R(30; disc)
    colistin:  R(10; disc)
    polymyxin_B:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25->8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA
  • VandenMooter1990 - Numerical Analysis of 295 Phenotypic Features of 266 Xanthomonas Strains and Related Strains and an Improved Taxonomy of the Genus.
  • Palleroni1993 - Stenotrophomonas, a New Bacterial Genus for Xanthomonas maltophilia (Hugh 1980) Swings et al. 1983.
  • Palleroni2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Xanthomonadaceae. Genus IX. Stenotrophomonas
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Ye2018 - A metagenomic study of the gut microbiome in Behcet's disease
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Hugh1961 - Pseudomonas maltophilia, an Alcaligenes-like Species.
  • Stanier1966 - The Aerobic Pseudomonads a Taxonomic Study.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021