Streptococcus agalactiae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 11 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 34%. Streptococcus agalactiae is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (blood, septicemia, urine, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (MunchPetersen1954); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine; hippurate;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 6.5(d)%;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Strain-variable at 40%
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 10(d); doesn't grow at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; maltose; pullulan; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-tagatose; amygdalin; cellubiose; methyl xyloside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glycerol; hippurate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; esterase lipase C8; Gly arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-galactosidase; β-glucuronidase; hyaluridonase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (MunchPetersen1954); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; neomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • fusidic-acid; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; lincomycin; linezolid; telithromycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (blood, septicemia, urine, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  34
    Low T(℃):  10(d)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(d)
    Bile reaction(%):  40(d)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  d(neg) Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  d NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  vr
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d Glycerol:  + Hippurate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  d β-Galactosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  d α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  vr LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.06
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.03-0.12)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    aztreonam:  R(128-128)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.06-0.25)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.016-0.25)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (0.016-0.032)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.063, RNG: (0.031-0.063)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    cefamandole:  S(≤0.12/≤0.12)
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.063, RNG: (0.032-0.063)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015-0.12)
    cefixime:  S(0.25/0.25)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (4–8)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (4–4)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015-0.06)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.032, MIC90: 0.063, RNG: (0.032-0.063)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    ceftizoxime:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.25
    cefuroxime:  SensRNG: (≤0.2-0.4)
    cephalothin:  S(≤0.12/≤0.12)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (16-32)
    neomycin:  R(MIC50): 13.7, MIC90: 13.7, RNG: (≤1.7-13.7)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (8->128)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.008-≥32)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.06-32)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16–128)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.008-≥32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.004-2)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 1.56, RNG: (0.39-1.56)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-1)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-1)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.5
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12-32)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.12-64)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.008-0.06)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.008-0.06)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.3, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (2->16)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (128->512)
    SXT:  S(≤0.5/≤0.5)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): >0.06, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.03->16)
    lincomycin:  SensRNG: (0.1-0.2)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    fusidic-acid:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (16-32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE
  • MunchPetersen1954 - Note on Streptococcus agalactiae.
  • Sylvesterr2002 - Typing of human isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) strains from Zimbabwe.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Olbjorn2019 - Fecal microbiota profiles in treatment-naïve pediatric inflammatory bowel disease - associations with disease phenotype, treatment, and outcome
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021