Streptococcus alactolyticus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus alactolyticus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 39.9-41.3%. Streptococcus alactolyticus is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Farrow1984; Vandamme1999; Watts1988; Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, faeces of pigs and chickens. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farrow1984); (Vandamme1999); (Watts1988); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; xylose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; D-turanose; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • amygdalin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; melezitose; trehalose; mannitol; arbutin; β-methyl glucoside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; α-galactosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farrow1984); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha (variable)
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Dekker2016); (Goldstein2006b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotetan;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, faeces of pigs and chickens
    DNA G+C(%):  39.9-41.3
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  vr Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  d Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  d(neg) Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(neg) Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  d(neg) Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–0.125)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–4)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–4)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.016–0.125)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.25)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ALACTOLYTICUS
  • Dekker2016 - An Update on the Streptococcus bovis Group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations.
  • Farrow1984 - Taxonomic Studies on Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus: Description of Streptococcus alactolyticus sp. nov. and Streptococcus saccharolyticus sp. nov.
  • Vandamme1999 - Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al. 1988 and Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al. 1984 are phenotypically indistinguishable.
  • Watts1988 - Characterization and Identification of Streptococci Isolated from Bovine Mammary Glands.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Bajer2017 - Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ALACTOLYTICUS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ALACTOLYTICUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021