Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus

(aka Streptococcus constellatus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus, (aka Streptococcus constellatus), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, diplococci bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 37-38%. Streptococcus constellatus subsp. constellatus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Holdeman1974; Whiley2011Bergey; Coykendall1987; Whiley1991; Jensen2013)



  • This organism has been recovered from oral flora, respiratory system, vagina, clinical sources (appendix, blood, abscess) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Holdeman1974); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Coykendall1987); (Whiley1991); (Jensen2013);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; arginine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 30℃; grows at 37℃; grows weakly at 45℃; Grows optimally at 35-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; starch; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • ribose; xylose; amygdalin; aesculin; mannitol; arbutin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; α-glucosidase; hyaluridonase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Holdeman1974); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Coykendall1987); (Whiley1991); (Jensen2013);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; lactate (major); succinate (minor); pyruvate (minor); ammonia;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta (variable)
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Goldstein2013a); (Citron2012a); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; telithromycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Holdeman, L. V., & Moore, W. E. C. (1974). New genus, Coprococcus, twelve new species, and emended descriptions of four previously described species of bacteria from human feces. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 24(2), 260–277.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Alt. name:  Streptococcus constellatus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Diplococci
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  oral flora, respiratory system, vagina, clinical sources (appendix, blood, abscess) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  37-38
    Opt. T:  35-37℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    High T(℃):  45(w)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  neg Milk:  neg Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d(neg) Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  d(neg) Cellubiose:  w Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  w(+) Amygdalin:  d(neg) Aesculin:  d(neg) Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  w(+) Adonitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(neg) Sorbitol:  neg Arbutin:  d(neg) NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  w(+)
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  d(+) Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Lactate:  Major(+) Succinate:  minor(+) H2S:  neg Pyruvate:  minor(+) Ammonia:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.064, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-0.25)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125–4)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125–0.25)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–1)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015->4)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25–0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–16)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-128)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.008->8)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16–128)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.06-2)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-4)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12->8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-4)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03–4)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.016–0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.064->256)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–16)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–32)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (<0.015-0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12->16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS CONSTELLATUS SUBSP. CONSTELLATUS
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Holdeman1974 - New Genus, Coprococcus, Twelve New Species, and Emended Descriptions of Four Previously Described Species of Bacteria from Human Feces.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Hynes2000 - Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Coykendall1987 - 'Streptococcus milleri' Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius Are Later Synonyms of Streptococcus anginosus.
  • Whiley1991 - Emended Descriptions and Recognition of Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus anginosus as Distinct Species.
  • Jensen2013 - Taxonomy of the Anginosus group of the genus Streptococcus and description of Streptococcus anginosus subsp. whileyi subsp. nov. and Streptococcus constellatus subsp. viborgensis subsp. nov.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS CONSTELLATUS SUBSP. CONSTELLATUS
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS CONSTELLATUS SUBSP. CONSTELLATUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021