Streptococcus dysgalactiae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 38.1-40.2%. Streptococcus dysgalactiae is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Jensen2011; Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, respiratory, genital, and clinical sources (blood). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Jensen2011); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 9.6;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 37℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannose; ribose; starch; maltose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • sorbitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycerol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; arginine dihydrolase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucuronidase; Gly arylamidase; hyaluridonase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha (variable), beta (variable)
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Brandt2009); (Dekker2016); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2000);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Oval-shaped
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces, respiratory, genital, and clinical sources (blood)
    DNA G+C(%):  38.1-40.2
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  9.6(neg)
    		Aesculin:  vr Urea:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  + D-Tagatose:  vr Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Dextrin:  vr Glycogen:  vr Inulin:  neg Starch:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  d(neg) Salicin:  vr
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Glycerol:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  + β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (≤2-4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.016-0.25)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-0.5)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015–0.5)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.06->32)
    quin-dalf:  Sens
    linezolid:  Sens
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–16)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–16)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–32)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125–0.5)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.06, MIC90: ≤0.06, RNG: (≤0.06->8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS DYSGALACTIAE
  • Brandt2009 - Human infections due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis.
  • Dekker2016 - An Update on the Streptococcus bovis Group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations.
  • Jensen2011 - Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Its Subspecies, and Its Clinical and Phylogenetic Relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Vandamme1996c - Taxonomic study of lancefield streptococcal groups C, G, and L (Streptococcus dysgalactiae) and proposal of S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis subsp. nov.
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Hynes2000 - Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS DYSGALACTIAE
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS DYSGALACTIAE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021