Streptococcus equinus

(aka Streptococcus bovis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus equinus, (aka Streptococcus bovis), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 17 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 36.2-38.6%. Streptococcus equinus is a common gut coloniser. (Farrow1984; Whiley2011Bergey; Andrewes1906; Hungate1957)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (especially in children as S. bovis), clinical sources (blood, urine) and animal faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have unknown consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farrow1984); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Andrewes1906); (Hungate1957);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Resistant to 40% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; amygdalin; aesculin; glycogen; inulin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; β-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; leucine aminopeptidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farrow1984); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Hungate1957);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Dekker2016); (Pompilio2019);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; oxacillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • lincomycin; telithromycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Alt. name:  Streptococcus bovis Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (especially in children as S. bovis), clinical sources (blood, urine) and animal faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  36.2-38.6
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  40(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  d(+) Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  d(+) Inulin:  + Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d(+) Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  d β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg LeuAP:  + AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-1)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    oxacillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015->4)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.008-4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.008-2)
    meropenem:  Sens
    cefamandole:  S(≤0.12/0.5)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefdinir:  S(≤0.03)
    cefuroxime:  S(≤0.2)
    cephalothin:  S(≤0.12/0.5)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (0.5-4)
    kanamycin:  RNG: (4-64)
    neomycin:  RNG: (0.5-8)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (4-16)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-128)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.008->8)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-4)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-4)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06-0.125)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12->8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.03-16)
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.25->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    vancomycin:  RNG: (≤0.125-≥256)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (0.25-8)
    trimethoprim:  RNG: (0.5-16)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.25->2)
    lincomycin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-1)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS EQUINUS
  • Dekker2016 - An Update on the Streptococcus bovis Group: Classification, Identification, and Disease Associations.
  • Farrow1984 - Taxonomic Studies on Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus: Description of Streptococcus alactolyticus sp. nov. and Streptococcus saccharolyticus sp. nov.
  • Pompilio2019 - An Overview on Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex Isolates: Identification to the Species/Subspecies Level and Antibiotic Resistance.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Andrewes1906 - A Study of the Streptococci Pathogenic to Man.
  • Watanabe1981 - Studies on streptococci. I. Distribution of fecal streptococci in man.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Hungate1957 - Microorganisms in the rumen of cattle fed a constant ration.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS EQUINUS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS EQUINUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021