Streptococcus infantarius

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus infantarius is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Streptococcus infantarius is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Beck2008; Schlegel2000; Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, food, and clinical sources (blood - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Beck2008); (Schlegel2000); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; glycogen; starch; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; pullulan; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; α-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Beck2008); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Beck2008);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ertapenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Schlegel, L., Grimont, F., Collins, M. D., Régnault, B., Grimont, P. A., & Bouvet, A. (2000). Streptococcus infantarius sp. nov., Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius subsp. nov. and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli subsp. nov., isolated from humans and food. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50 Pt 4(4), 1425–1434.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, food, and clinical sources (blood - CCUG)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d(neg) Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  vr D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  d β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-1)
    Augmentin:  S(≤1/≤1)
    ampicillin:  SensRNG: (0.125-0.25)
    penicillin_G:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-0.5)
    piper-taz:  S(≤2/≤2)
    ertapenem:  S(≤0.25/≤0.25)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (0.5-4)
    kanamycin:  RNG: (4-64)
    neomycin:  RNG: (0.5-8)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (4-16)
    erythromycin:  RNG: (≤0.125-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(≤0.5/2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(≤0.25/0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  RNG: (0.25-64)
    vancomycin:  RNG: (≤0.125-≥256)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (0.25-8)
    trimethoprim:  RNG: (0.5-16)
    SXT:  S(≤0.5/≤0.5)
    clindamycin:  S(≤0.125)
    lincomycin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-1)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS INFANTARIUS
  • Beck2008 - Comprehensive Study of Strains Previously Designated Streptococcus bovis Consecutively Isolated from Human Blood Cultures and Emended Description of Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli.
  • Jans2012 - Novel Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius variants harboring lactose metabolism genes homologous to Streptococcus thermophilus.
  • Schlegel2000 - Streptococcus infantarius sp. nov., Streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius subsp. nov. and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli subsp. nov., isolated from humans and food.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS INFANTARIUS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS INFANTARIUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021