Streptococcus mitis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus mitis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 22 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 39-41%. Streptococcus mitis is a common gut coloniser. (Kilian1989; Whiley2011Bergey; Andrewes1906; Rossi2016)



  • This organism has been recovered from oral flora, clinical sources (blood, sputum, infection, urine, fistula - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Homoacetogen. Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Andrewes1906);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • mucin; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • arginine;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 4(d)%; doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • cellubiose; trehalose; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • mucin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; chymotrypsin; α-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; leucine aminopeptidase; Val arylamidase; valine aminopeptidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; phosphoamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Kilian1989); (Goldstein2012); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefotetan; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;

  • It is an unusually high-level beta-lactam resistant and multiple antibiotic resistant strain, which is part of the Mitis group of Gram positive bacteria that include one of the major human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae. [UP000008563]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Streptococci are non-motile, Gram-positive cocci with widely varying pathogenic potential that occur in pairs or chains. Streptococcus mitis (strain B6) is a commensal Gram-positive normally found in the human mouth, throat and nasopharynx. It is not usually pathogenic but can be recovered from ulcerated teeth, sinuses and blood or heart lesions from subacute endocarditis (inflammation of the membrane lining the heart) patients. It is an unusually high-level beta-lactam resistant and multiple antibiotic resistant strain, which is part of the Mitis group of Gram positive bacteria that include one of the major human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae. Most of the genes involved in the pathogenicity such as pneumococcal virulence factors, the surface proteins implicated in host cell interaction and choline containing teichoic acids which are the anchor structure of choline binding proteins (CBPs) and host pathogen interactions, appear to be absent from S. mitis. (Adapted from PMID: 201395536). [UP000008563]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  oral flora, clinical sources (blood, sputum, infection, urine, fistula - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  39-41
    NaCl 3-5%:  4(d)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  vr Starch:  d(+) Arginine:  d Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d(+) Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d(neg) Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  d(neg)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  neg α-Arab:  neg Ac-α-glcamnd:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  d(+) β-Galactosidase:  w α-Glucosidase:  d(+) β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  + GluDC:  neg LeuAP:  + ValAP:  + AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg ValAA:  + AlkalineP:  d AcidP:  d(+) Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg Phosphoamidase:  d(w)
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.064, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-1)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.008–1)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015->4)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5–16)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–0.25)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–2)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–2)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–16)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-128)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03–1)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.06-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12->8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-4)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–16)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03–4)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–2)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03–2)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25–0.5)
    SXT:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>8)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.064->256)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Kilian1989 - Taxonomic Study of Viridans Streptococci: Description of Streptococcus gordonii sp. nov. and Emended Descriptions of Streptococcus sanguis (White and Niven 1946), Streptococcus oralis (Bridge and Sneath 1982), and Streptococcus mitis (Andrewes and Horder 1906).
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Andrewes1906 - A Study of the Streptococci Pathogenic to Man.
  • Watanabe1981 - Studies on streptococci. I. Distribution of fecal streptococci in man.
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • deGoffau2014 - Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children
  • Vatanen2018 - The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
  • Goldstein2012 - Ceftaroline versus isolates from animal bite wounds: comparative in vitro activities against 243 isolates, including 156 Pasteurella species isolates.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Derrien2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Lentisphaerae. Family Victivallaceae, Genus I. Victivallis
  • Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia
  • Derrien2010 - Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract.
    • Added: February 08, 2021