Streptococcus mutans

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 19 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 36-38%. Streptococcus mutans is a common gut coloniser. (Kilian1989; Whiley2011Bergey; Clarke1924)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, eye, pleural fluid - CCUG) and oral cavity. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have unknown consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Clarke1924);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; mucin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 6.5(d)%;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; strain-variable at 45(d); Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; D-tagatose; aesculin; inulin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; sorbitol; arbutin; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose; mucin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; chymotrypsin; esterase C4; α-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; phosphoamidase; Val arylamidase; valine aminopeptidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha (variable), beta (variable)
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Kilian1989); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid; telithromycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Finegold, S. M., Sutter, V. L., Sugihara, P. T., Elder, H. A., Lehmann, S. M., & Phillips, R. L. (1977). Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30(11), 1781–1792.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, eye, pleural fluid - CCUG) and oral cavity
    DNA G+C(%):  36-38
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(d)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(d)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d(+) Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  vr Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  + Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  neg α-Arab:  neg Ac-α-glcamnd:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  + GluDC:  neg ValAP:  + AlanineAA:  vr AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  neg GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg ValAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg Phosphoamidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (<0.015->16)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.008-4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.008-2)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015–0.5)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-4)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.016-16)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03–2)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.06–4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03–4)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.016–0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–16)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–16)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–32)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (<0.015-0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
  • Kilian1989 - Taxonomic Study of Viridans Streptococci: Description of Streptococcus gordonii sp. nov. and Emended Descriptions of Streptococcus sanguis (White and Niven 1946), Streptococcus oralis (Bridge and Sneath 1982), and Streptococcus mitis (Andrewes and Horder 1906).
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Clarke1924 - On the Bacterial Factor in the Ætiology of Dental Caries.
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Li2019c - Gut Microbiota Differs Between Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls in Northeast China
  • Ventura2019 - Gut microbiome of treatment-naïve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
    • Added: April 08, 2021