Streptococcus oralis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus oralis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 38-42%. Streptococcus oralis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Kilian1989; Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from dental disease, clinical sources (blood, infection, sputum, wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • mucin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 4% salt; doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • pullulan; trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • mucin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; chymotrypsin; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; leucine aminopeptidase; Val arylamidase; valine aminopeptidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-galactosidase; phosphoamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kilian1989); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Kilian1989);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotaxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • tobramycin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Baker, S. J., Jacob, E., & Bowden, G. H. (2000). Crohn disease arthropathy: antigens in synovial fluid share epitopes with strains of two species of viridans streptococci. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 35(3), 287–292.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  dental disease, clinical sources (blood, infection, sputum, wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  38-42
    NaCl 3-5%:  4(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Arginine:  neg DNA:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  vr Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  vr Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  vr Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d(neg) Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  vr Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  vr Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d(neg) Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  neg α-Arab:  neg Ac-α-glcamnd:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  d(w) β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  + GluDC:  neg LeuAP:  + LysDC:  neg ValAP:  + AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg PyrogluAA:  neg ValAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + DNAse:  neg Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase:  vr Lipase(C14):  neg Phosphoamidase:  d(w)
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.064, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-1)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015->4)
    cefotaxime:  SensRNG: (0.25-2)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-128)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.008->8)
    erythromycin:  RNG: (0.06-8)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.06-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12->8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(0.5)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >8, RNG: (<2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (<0.015-0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.064->256)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Jensen2016 - Re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the Mitis group of the genus Streptococcus based on whole genome phylogenetic analyses, and proposed reclassification of Streptococcus dentisani as Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani comb. nov., Streptococcus tigurinus as Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus comb. nov., and Streptococcus oligofermentans as a later synonym of Streptococcus cristatus.
  • Kilian1989 - Taxonomic Study of Viridans Streptococci: Description of Streptococcus gordonii sp. nov. and Emended Descriptions of Streptococcus sanguis (White and Niven 1946), Streptococcus oralis (Bridge and Sneath 1982), and Streptococcus mitis (Andrewes and Horder 1906).
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Kinumaki2015 - Characterization of the gut microbiota of Kawasaki disease patients by metagenomic analysis
  • Vatanen2018 - The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Derrien2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Lentisphaerae. Family Victivallaceae, Genus I. Victivallis
  • Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia
  • Derrien2010 - Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract.
    • Added: April 08, 2021