Streptococcus parasanguinis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus parasanguinis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 31 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40.6-42.7%. Streptococcus parasanguinis is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Whiley1990; Whiley2011Bergey; Rossi2016)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (blood, abscess, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Whiley1990); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 4% salt; doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Strain-variable at 40%
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 45(d);
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; esterase C4; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Whiley1990); (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; azlocillin; bacampicillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; imipenem; meropenem; oxacillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefmetazole; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefotiam; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • cefadroxil;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; josamycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; sarafloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • clavulanic-acid; enoxacin; nalidixic-acid; pefloxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; spectinomycin; tobramycin;
  • gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid; nitrofurantoin;
  • isoniazid; metronidazole; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • lincomycin; linezolid;
  • colistin;

  • Streptococcus parasanguinis is a member of the viridans streptococci that constitute the major population of the oral microbial ecosystem in human. In its primary niche, the oral cavity, S. parasanguinis is one of the early colonizers of the tooth surface. The successful adherence of S. parasanguinis can serve as a substratum for the adherence of additional oral bacteria and subsequently develop into a mature biofilm called dental plaque. [PMID: 22529932] Streptococcus parasanguinis causes invasive diseases. However, the mechanism by which it causes disease remains unclear. [PMID: 26021924]

    Streptococcus parasanguinis is a member of the viridans streptococci that constitute the major population of the oral microbial ecosystem in human. In its primary niche, the oral cavity, S. parasanguinis is one of the early colonizers of the tooth surface. The successful adherence of S. parasanguinis can serve as a substratum for the adherence of additional oral bacteria and subsequently develop into a mature biofilm called dental plaque. The differential expression of the GIs and various open reading frames outside the GIs at the two growth phases suggested that FW213 possess a range of mechanisms to avoid host immune clearance, to colonize host tissues, to survive within oral biofilms and to overcome various environmental insults. [PMID: 22529932] Streptococci are Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase-negative cocci that occur in pairs or chains. Older cultures may lose their Gram-positive character. Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, and some are obligate (strict) anaerobes. Most require enriched media (blood agar). Group A streptococci have a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococci are members of the normal flora. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/] No characteristic information on the specific strain and species. 

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Streptococci are non-motile, Gram-positive cocci with widely varying pathogenic potential that occur in pairs or chains. Streptococcus parasanguinis is a species of the viridans group which has been isolated from human throat, blood and urine. In humans it is associated with with native valve endocarditis, dental plaque formation and low grade bacteremia. It is also found in sheep where it causes mastitis. Strain ATCC 15912 is the type strain. It is being sequenced as part of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). [UP000001502]

    ATCC 43144 is more adapted to humans, losing many of the genes originally needed in the ruminal environment. This study hast has predicted putative cell-surface associated proteins that could play a role in adherence to host tissues, leading to persistent infections causing sub-acute and chronic diseases in humans. This study showed evidence that the S. gallolyticus still possesses genes making it suitable in a rumen environment, whereas the ability for S. pasteurianus to live in rumen is reduced. [PMID: 21633709] Streptococci are non-motile, Gram-positive cocci with widely varying pathogenic potential that occur in pairs or chains. Streptococcus gallolyticus is a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from various habitats, including feces of many animals and from human clinical sources. S. gallolyticus is part of the rumen flora but also a cause of disease in ruminants as well as in birds (septicemia in pigeons, outbreaks in broiler flocks, or bovine mastitis). This bacterium has been named "gallolyticus" as it is able to decarboxylate gallate, an organic acid derived from tannin degradation. S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus, now referred to as S.pasteurianus, strain ATCC 43144 is human clinical blood isolate, biotype II.2, from Belgium. Unlike S.gallolyticus ATCC 43143 (STRG1) is no longer adapted to a ruminant environment. Comparison of many Streptococccus species indicates the core genome consists of about 600 genes (about 30% of the genome), with considerable evolutionary plasticity (adapted from PMID 21633709). [UP000007946] Also referred to as strains JCM 5346 and CDC 1723-81 in UniProt. 

  • Whiley, Robert A., Fraser, H. Y., Douglas, C. W. I., Hardie, J. M., Williams, A. M., & Collins, M. D. (1990). Streptococcus parasanguissp. nov., an atypical viridans Streptococcusfrom human clinical specimens. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 68(1–2), 115–121.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  clinical sources (blood, abscess, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  40.6-42.7
    High T(℃):  45(d)
    NaCl 3-5%:  4(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  40(d)
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  vr Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  vr Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d(+) Gentiobiose:  vr Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d(+) Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  vr Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  vr Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  d(+) Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Fucosidase:  vr α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  d β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  vr AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.064, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    azlocillin:  Sens
    aztreonam:  Res
    bacampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.064, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    piperacillin:  Sens
    ticarcillin:  Sens
    imipenem:  Sens
    meropenem:  Sens
    cefaclor:  Sens
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefdinir:  Sens
    cefepime:  Sens
    cefixime:  Sens
    cefmetazole:  Sens
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    cefotetan:  Sens
    cefotiam:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  Sens
    amikacin:  Sens
    dihydrostrept:  Sens
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Sens
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Sens
    azithromycin:  Sens
    erythromycin:  Sens
    clarithromycin:  Sens
    roxithromycin:  Sens
    spiramycin:  Sens
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  Sens
    enoxacin:  Res
    gatifloxacin:  Sens
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.032-0.5)
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  Sens
    pefloxacin:  Res
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.032-16)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  Sens
    bacitracin:  Sens
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  Sens
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  Res
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  Res
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Res
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 256, RNG: (0.064->256)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    colistin:  Res
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PARASANGUINIS
  • Whiley1990 - Streptococcus parasanguis sp. nov., an atypical viridans Streptococcus from human clinical specimens.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Gao2020 - Functional Microbiomics Reveals Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Host Co-Metabolism in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Iwasawa2016 - Characterisation of the faecal microbiota in Japanese patients with paediatric-onset primary sclerosing cholangitis
  • Kim2020a - Altered Gut Microbiome Profile in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
  • Qin2014 - Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
  • Wan2019 - Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple System Atrophy Patients
  • Zeng2019a - Gut dysbiosis and lack of short chain fatty acids in a Chinese cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PARASANGUINIS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • Mangin2004 - Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PARASANGUINIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: February 08, 2021