Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 38.5-42%. Streptococcus pneumoniae is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Whiley2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from nasopharynx, clinical sources (blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; inulin; starch; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; erythritol; glycerol; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycerol; melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Gly-Trp arylamidase; hyaluridonase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • alpha
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; imipenem; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefazolin; cefepime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; cefpirom; ceftazidime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Quinolines:
  • gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  nasopharynx, clinical sources (blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  38.5-42
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  w(+) Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  vr Inulin:  + Starch:  d(+) D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  + Glycerol:  + Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) NAc-α-GA:  d(+) Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  d Glycerol:  d Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  d(neg) β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  + GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  d(neg) LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–2)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-0.5)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015–2)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-0.06)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-0.12)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015-0.5)
    cefoperazone:  S(0.12/0.25)
    cefotaxime:  S(0.015/0.12)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015-0.5)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-4)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.015–32)
    cephalothin:  S(≤0.12/0.5)
    moxalactam:  S(1/1)
    gentamicin:  R(16/32)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16–128)
    linezolid:  SensRNG: (0.5-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(1000-≥64000)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125–4)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–2)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5–2)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (128->512)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Kinumaki2015 - Characterization of the gut microbiota of Kawasaki disease patients by metagenomic analysis
  • Maji2018 - Gut microbiome contributes to impairment of immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients by alteration of butyrate and propionate producers
  • Vatanen2018 - The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
  • Hynes2000 - Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021