Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 34.5-38.5%. Streptococcus pyogenes is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Jensen2011; Whiley2011Bergey; Andrewes1906)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, skin flora, clinical sources (sputum, urine, throat, infection - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Is a known human pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Jensen2011); (Whiley2011Bergey); (Andrewes1906);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • arginine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 9.6;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; glycogen; lactose; maltose; pullulan; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; α-glucosidase; Gly arylamidase; hyaluridonase; Leu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Whiley2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2013a); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006b); (Goldstein2000);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin; aztreonam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • fusidic-acid; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; dalbavancin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; daptomycin; lincomycin; linezolid; telithromycin;
  • polymyxin B;

  • Streptococci are members of the normal flora. Virulence factors of group A streptococci include (1) M protein and lipoteichoic acid for attachment; (2) a hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits phagocytosis; (3) other extracellular products, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin, which causes the rash of scarlet fever; and (4) streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), and streptolysins. Some strains are nephritogenic. Immune-mediated sequelae do not reflect dissemination of bacteria. Nongroup A strains have no defined virulence factors. In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    The genus Streptococcus , a heterogeneous group of Gram-positive bacteria, has broad significance in medicine and industry. Various streptococci are important ecologically as part of the normal microbial flora of animals and humans; some can also cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic. Among the significant human diseases attributable to streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. Streptococci are essential in industrial and dairy processes and as indicators of pollution. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Streptococcaceae Genus:  Streptococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, skin flora, clinical sources (sputum, urine, throat, infection - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  34.5-38.5
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  9.6(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  neg Starch:  neg Arginine:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  vr Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  vr Glycogen:  d(+) Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  vr
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Hyaluridonase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  vr α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(32)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: ≤0.03, RNG: (≤0.03-0.12)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015-0.03)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125)
    aztreonam:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 32, RNG: (8-≥128)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.06)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (<0.008-0.03)
    piperacillin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.2, MIC90: ≤0.2, RNG: (≤0.2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-1)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.015)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (≤0.008-0.25)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.008, MIC90: ≤0.008, RNG: (≤0.008-0.06)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.008, RNG: (≤0.004-0.008)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-4)
    cefamandole:  S(≤0.12/0.5)
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (≤0.004-1)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015-0.03)
    cefixime:  S(0.13/0.25)
    cefoperazone:  S(0.12/0.12)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (≤0.015)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–4)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25–2)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): ≤0.008, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (≤0.008-0.015)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (≤0.004-2)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015-0.5)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (0.008-0.5)
    cephalothin:  S(≤0.12/0.5)
    moxalactam:  S(1/2)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2-16)
    tobramycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-64)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03->8)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-0.03)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16–128)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.001-≥64)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.06-2)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.004-8)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-1)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.5
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 0.1, RNG: (0.125-0.1)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.008-0.5)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-2)
    nalidixic-acid:  R(>100)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 2
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.5
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.1, MIC90: 0.39, RNG: (0.0125-0.39)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-16)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (<0.06-8)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–32)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    dalbavancin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.016–0.125)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5->16)
    rifampicin:  S(0.0313/0.0625)
    chloramphenicol:  S(<2)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (128->512)
    SXT:  S(≤0.5/≤0.5)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.016->64)
    lincomycin:  SensRNG: (0.04-0.8)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    polymyxin_B:  R(19)
    fusidic-acid:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (8-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
  • Jensen2011 - Delineation of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Its Subspecies, and Its Clinical and Phylogenetic Relationship to Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • Whiley2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Streptococcaceae, Genus I. Streptococcus
  • Andrewes1906 - A Study of the Streptococci Pathogenic to Man.
  • Graspeuntner2018 - Gut Dysbiosis With Bacilli Dominance and Accumulation of Fermentation Products Precedes Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006b - In vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021