Virgibacillus halodenitrificans

(aka Bacillus halodenitrificans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Virgibacillus halodenitrificans, (aka Bacillus halodenitrificans), is a Gram-variable, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 38-39%. Virgibacillus halodenitrificans is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Heyrman2011Bergey; Yoon2004a)



  • This organism has been recovered from a solar evaporation pond, France. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Heyrman2011Bergey); (Yoon2004a);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • casein; gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2% salt; tolerates 23% salt; Grows optimally with 3-7% salt.
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.8; tolerates pH 9.6; Grows optimally at pH 7.4-7.5.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 35-40℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; amygdalin; maltose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose; mannitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; galactose; gluconate; glucose; inulin; maltose; mannose; raffinose; salicin; sorbitol; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; arginine; glutamate; glycine; lysine; phenylalanine; formate; fumarate; lactate; malate; propionate; pyruvate; succinate; glutamine; L-asparagine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase; oxidase; naphthol-ASBI-P;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Heyrman2011Bergey); (Yoon2004a);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Virgibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus halodenitrificans Gram stain:  vr O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  a solar evaporation pond, France
    DNA G+C(%):  38-39
    Opt. T:  35-40℃
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2(+)
    NaCl >6%:  23(+)
    Opt. pH:  7.4-7.5
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.8(+)
    pH >8:  9.6(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  + DNA:  neg Tyrosine:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  neg Adonitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d Sorbitol:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d(+) Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  w Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Ethanol:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  neg Inulin:  + Methanol:  neg Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Arg:  + Asp:  neg Cys:  neg Glu:  + Gly:  + His:  w Ile:  w Leu:  w Lys:  + Met:  neg Phe:  + Pro:  neg Ser:  neg Val:  w Acetate:  w Butyrate:  neg Citrate:  neg Formate:  + Fumarate:  + Lactate:  + Malate:  + Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  + Succinate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  d α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  d α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Trypsin:  neg CystineAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR VIRGIBACILLUS HALODENITRIFICANS
  • Heyrman2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae, Genus XIX. Virgibacillus
  • Yoon2004a - Transfer of Bacillus halodenitrificans Denariaz et al. 1989 to the genus Virgibacillus as Virgibacillus halodenitrificans comb. nov.
  • Denariaz1989 - A Halophilic Denitrifier, Bacillus halodenitrificans sp. nov.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR VIRGIBACILLUS HALODENITRIFICANS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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    • Added: January 14, 2022