Virgibacillus salexigens

(aka Bacillus salexigens)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Virgibacillus salexigens, (aka Bacillus salexigens), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 36.3-39.5%. Virgibacillus salexigens is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Heyrman2011Bergey; Heyrman2003; Waino1999; Garabito1997)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and hypersaline soil in Spain. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Obligate aerobe; unlikely to be a gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Heyrman2011Bergey); (Heyrman2003); (Waino1999); (Garabito1997);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • DNA; gelatin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin; casein;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 0% salt; tolerates 10% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 6.0; tolerates pH 11; Grows optimally at pH 7.5.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 15℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; glycerol; mannitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • xylose; maltose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; cellubiose; dextrin; fructose; glucose; glycerol; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; methyl-α-glucoside; ribose; raffinose; salicin; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; xylose; glutamate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; L-malate; pyruvate; psicose; glutamine; methyl pyruvate; adenosine; thymidine; uridine; L-lactate; N-acetylmannosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • L-arabinose; arbutin; galactose; inulin; rhamnose; acetate; 2-hydroxybutyrate; succinamate; methyl D-lactate; D-glucose-6-phosphate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Heyrman2011Bergey); (Heyrman2003); (Garabito1997);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ±
  • Nitrate:
  • strain dependent
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Garabito1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; carbenicillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cephalothin;
  • Quinolines:
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • novobiocin;
  • polymyxin B;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Bacillaceae Genus:  Virgibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus salexigens Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and hypersaline soil in Spain
    DNA G+C(%):  36.3-39.5
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  15(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  0(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    Opt. pH:  7.5
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0(+)
    pH >8:  11(+)
    		Aesculin:  d Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  d DNA:  + Tyrosine:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  d Lactose:  neg Maltose:  d Melibiose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Inulin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  + Mannitol:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  d Fructose:  + Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  d Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  d(+) D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  d(+) N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  d Dextrin:  + Glycerol:  + Inulin:  d Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  + Glu:  + Acetate:  d Citrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + Malate:  neg L-Malate:  + Pyruvate:  + Succinate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    carbenicil:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  Sens
    cephalothin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    rifampicin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    novobiocin:  Sens
    polymyxin_B:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR VIRGIBACILLUS SALEXIGENS
  • Heyrman2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Bacillaceae, Genus XIX. Virgibacillus
  • Heyrman2003 - Virgibacillus carmonensis sp. nov., Virgibacillus necropolis sp. nov. and Virgibacillus picturae sp. nov., three novel species isolated from deteriorated mural paintings, transfer of the species of the genus salibacillus to Virgibacillus, as Virgibacillus marismortui comb. nov. and Virgibacillus salexigens comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Virgibacillus.
  • Waino1999 - Gracilibacillus gen. nov., with description of Gracilibacillus halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov.; transfer of Bacillus dipsosauri to Gracilibacillus dipsosauri comb. nov., and Bacillus salexigens to the genus Salibacillus gen. nov., as Salibacillus salexigens comb. nov.
  • Garabito1997 - Bacillus salexigens sp. nov., a new moderately halophilic Bacillus species.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR VIRGIBACILLUS SALEXIGENS
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
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    • Added: December 15, 2021