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KEY Fermenters: Oxidation or fermentation by gut bacteria producing acid; Use: Utilisation or assimilation by gut bacteria; Common: Combined use and O/F for widespread, moderate and minor gut colonisers (total bacteria: 500);
| Di- & Trisaccharides | Common users | All users | Common fermenters | All fermenters | Example users | Prevalence in Food | Human digestion, metabolism, interactions | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maltose | 69 | 480 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 1032 | Abiotrophia defectiva; Acetivibrio ethanolgignens; Actinobaculum massiliense; Actinomyces graevenitzii; Actinomyces naeslundii; Actinomyces viscosus; Agathobaculum butyriciproducens; | Baking (starch breakdown), grains and cereals, | Digestible. Hydrolysis to glucose occurs in gut. |
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| Maltitol | 6 | 17 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 0 | Small amounts found in some fruits and vegetables (Saraiva2020). Synthesised by catalytic hydrogenation of D-maltose. | Poorly absorbed. May be partially hydrolysed in the stomach, but is often mainly fermented in the distal bowel. |
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| Cellubiose | 50 | 324 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 582 | Agathobaculum butyriciproducens; Alistipes finegoldii; Alistipes indistinctus; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteroides bouchesdurhonensis; | Honey, maize stems, other sources where cellulose is digested | Not metabolised by humans, due to its b-1,4 glycosidic link |
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| Sucrose | 59 | 374 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 865 | Abiotrophia defectiva; Actinomyces graevenitzii; Actinomyces naeslundii; Actinomyces viscosus; Agathobaculum butyriciproducens; Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Aggregatibacter segnis; | Widespread. Sugarcane, vegetables and fruits | Digestible. Hydrolysis to glucose and fructose occurs in gut. |
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| Lactose | 52 | 242 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 631 | Acetivibrio ethanolgignens; Actinomyces graevenitzii; Agathobaculum butyriciproducens; Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Alistipes finegoldii; Alistipes indistinctus; Alloprevotella tannerae; | Milk and other (cow) dairy products | Digestible. Hydrolysis to glucose and galactose occurs in gut. |
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| Melibiose | 68 | 229 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 359 | Anaerostipes caccae; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteroides caccae; Bacteroides congonensis; Bacteroides fragilis; Bacteroides mediterraneensis; | Honey, olives, cucumbers and jerusalem artichokes. Also generated by colonic fermentation (Staniszewska2021, Ucar2020) | Not digestible, because humans lack an a-galactosidase enzyme |
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| Gentiobiose | 14 | 111 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 216 | Bacillus licheniformis; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteroides caccae; Bacteroides congonensis; Bacteroides togonis; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Bifidobacterium angulatum; | Fresh and fermenting cucumbers (Ucar2020), ripening tomato fruit (Dumville2003) | Not digestible by humans. |
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| Lactulose | 7 | 21 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 0 | Synthetic and from heat-treated cows milk. | Not digestible. A mixture of lactulose, rhamnose and mannitol has been used to estimate small intestine permeability. The mixture is excreted essentially unchanged in the urine (Mahmood2007) |
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| Palatinose | 12 | 46 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 0 | Honey and sugarcane | Digestible; hydrolysed to glucose and fructose in the small intestine. |
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| Trehalose | 38 | 340 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 653 | Abiotrophia defectiva; Actinobaculum massiliense; Actinomyces viscosus; Agathobaculum butyriciproducens; Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Alistipes finegoldii; Alistipes indistinctus; | In small amounts from mushrooms, honey, crustaceans, seaweed, and yeast-fermented foods | Digested in the small intestine by trehalase |
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| D-turanose | 12 | 95 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 135 | Anaerostipes caccae; Bifidobacterium adolescentis; Bifidobacterium angulatum; Bifidobacterium breve; Bifidobacterium dentium; Bifidobacterium pseudolongum; Bifidobacterium scardovii; | Honey and strawberries (Aksic2019) | Digestible, hydrolysed first to glucose and fructose. |
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| Raffinose | 32 | 157 | {{ ditrisacc_counts|dict_lookup:ditrisacc|default_if_none:''|dict_lookup:'consumers_ferm_count' }} | 440 | Actinomyces viscosus; Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Alistipes ihumii; Alistipes onderdonkii; Alloscardovia omnicolens; Anaerococcus prevotii; Bacillus licheniformis; | Brassica vegetables, such as Brussels sprouts, cabbage and broccoli, as well as asparagus and whole grains | Not digestible, because humans lack the a-galactosidase enzyme |
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