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KEY Fermenters: Oxidation or fermentation by gut bacteria producing acid; Use: Utilisation or assimilation by gut bacteria; Common: Combined use and O/F for widespread, moderate and minor gut colonisers (total bacteria: 500);
| Amino acid | Common | Example species | All consumers | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine | 20 | Anaerotignum lactatifermentans; Citrobacter farmeri; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Clostridioides difficile; Cronobacter sakazakii; Enterobacter asburiae; | 252 | A non-essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via at least 6 transporters. |
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| Arginine | 12 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Adlercreutzia equolifaciens; Cloacibacillus evryensis; Clostridium putrefaciens; Enterococcus faecalis; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; Klebsiella pneumoniae; | 120 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium- and chloride-dependent symport ATB⁰,⁺ transporters, uniport CAT-1 transporters, and the high affinity antiport rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT (in exchange for a neutral AA) transporter. |
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| L-Asparagine | 5 | Hafnia alvei; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Prevotella intermedia; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Stomatobaculum longum; | 79 | A non-essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via symport transporters (sodium-dependent SNAT2, sodium- and proton-dependent SNAT3, and sodium-dependent B⁰AT1). |
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| Aspartate | 19 | Citrobacter farmeri; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium cochlearium; Cronobacter sakazakii; Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; | 208 | A non-essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium(sym)-, proton(sym)- and potassium(anti)-dependent symport EAAT3 transporters. |
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| Cysteine | 5 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Anaerotignum lactatifermentans; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; Weissella paramesenteroides; | 49 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium-dependent symport SNAT2 transporters, cystine-glutamate antiporter; alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2) and antiport 4F2hc/y⁺LAT2. It is also transported via antiports rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT and 4F2 hc/xCT (as cystine). |
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| Glutamate | 25 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Citrobacter farmeri; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Clostridium cochlearium; Clostridium sporosphaeroides; Clostridium symbiosum; | 287 | A non-essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium(sym)-, proton(sym)- and potassium(anti)-dependent symport EAAT3 and antiport 4F2 hc/xCT transporters. Serum concentrations decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (Toyohara2010). |
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| L-Glutamine | 2 | Prevotella intermedia; Stomatobaculum longum; | 34 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via the sodium-dependent antiport ASCT2 transporter. Can also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Glycine | 6 | Campylobacter hominis; Clostridium putrefaciens; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Paeniclostridium sordellii; Parvimonas micra; Terrisporobacter glycolicus; | 60 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via proton-dependent symport PAT1 & PAT2 transporters. Can also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Histidine | 16 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Allisonella histaminiformans; Bacteroides ovatus; Cloacibacillus evryensis; Clostridium cochlearium; Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hormaechei; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum; | 156 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium-dependent symport SNAT2 transporters and the uniport CAT-1 transporters. Possibly transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Isoleucine | 12 | Bacteroides ovatus; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium putrefaciens; Edwardsiella tarda; Eubacterium limosum; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Methanosphaera stadtmanae; | 72 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via antiport 4F2hc/LAT1 and uniport LAT4 transporters. Can probably also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Leucine | 8 | Bacteroides ovatus; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium putrefaciens; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Methanosphaera stadtmanae; Paeniclostridium sordellii; Sarcina ventriculi; | 109 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via antiport 4F2hc/LAT1 and uniport LAT4 transporters. Can probably also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. Serum concentrations decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (Toyohara2010). |
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| Lysine | 6 | Allisonella histaminiformans; Cloacibacillus evryensis; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Serratia marcescens; Terrisporobacter glycolicus; | 51 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium- and chloride-dependent symport ATB⁰,⁺, antiport rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT (in exchange for a neutral AA) and uniport CAT-1 transporters. |
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| Methionine | 9 | Clostridioides difficile; Gordonibacter pamelaeae; Intestinibacter bartlettii; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Paeniclostridium sordellii; Sarcina ventriculi; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; | 36 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium-dependent symport SNAT2, antiport rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT and uniport CAT-1 transporters. Can probably also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Phenylalanine | 11 | Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium cochlearium; Clostridium putrefaciens; Edwardsiella tarda; Gordonibacter pamelaeae; Intestinibacter bartlettii; Klebsiella pneumoniae; | 82 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via antiport rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT and uniport CAT-1 transporters. Can probably also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Proline | 19 | Citrobacter farmeri; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Clostridioides difficile; Cronobacter sakazakii; Enterobacter asburiae; Enterobacter cancerogenus; | 241 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via sodium-dependent symport SNAT2, proton-dependent PAT1 & PAT2 transporters. Can probably also be transported with the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. |
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| Serine | 30 | Anaerotignum lactatifermentans; Anaerotruncus colihominis; Citrobacter farmeri; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Cloacibacillus evryensis; Clostridioides difficile; | 240 | A non-essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via the sodium-dependent transporters symport SNAT2 and antiport ASCT2, as well as the antiport rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT transporter. Reduced urine levels of serine in autistic spectrum disorder children (SoteloOrozco2023). |
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| Threonine | 15 | Anaerotignum lactatifermentans; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium cochlearium; Clostridium putrefaciens; Clostridium sporogenes; Edwardsiella tarda; Fusobacterium periodonticum; | 101 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via antiport transporters ASCT2 and rBAT/b⁰,⁺AT. |
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| Tryptophan | 7 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Cloacibacillus evryensis; Clostridium putrefaciens; Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hormaechei; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Paeniclostridium sordellii; Sarcina ventriculi; | 49 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via the antiport 4F2hc/LAT1 transporter, the uniport TAT1 transporter, or the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. Serum concentrations decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (Toyohara2010). |
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| Tyrosine | 7 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Citrobacter freundii; Citrobacter koseri; Clostridium putrefaciens; Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hormaechei; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Sarcina ventriculi; | 87 | A conditionally essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via the antiport 4F2hc/LAT1 transporter. Serum concentrations decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (Toyohara2010). |
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| Valine | 14 | Acidaminococcus fermentans; Anaerotruncus colihominis; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium putrefaciens; Edwardsiella tarda; Eubacterium callanderi; Eubacterium limosum; | 77 | An essential AA. After peptidase hydrolysis, it is absorbed through brush border cells of the small intestine, via the antiport 4F2hc/LAT1 transporter and the neutral AA B⁰AT1 and ATB⁰,⁺ transporters. Serum concentrations decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (Toyohara2010). |
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